BBN3402Satu2019: Minggu 10

TERJEMAHAN KERANGKA TEORI

Nama : Noor Izzati binti Samah

No matrik : 197684

TEORI ANALISIS WACANA BROWN & YULE (1983)

Brown & Yule (1983) telah menyenaraikan empat elemen wacana. Elemen tersebut meliputi elemen pra-andaian, implikatur, rujukan dan inferens. Brown & Yule (1983) juga menyatakan bahawa wacana boleh dianalisis melalui kajian teks,tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi.

Pra-andaian

Pra-andaian merupakan pragmatic. Pra-andaian ini telah dipilih berdasarkan anggapan dan andaian kepada apa yang mungkin akan diterima oleh pendengar tanpa rintangan.

Implikatur

Implikatur merupakan pandangan atau yang berkemungkinan. Cadangan atau makna penutur/penulis adalah berbeza dengan apa yang mereka katakan. Implikatur berbentuk implikasi konvensional. Penutur/Penulis tidak memberitahu bahawa imej tertentu adalah disebabkan oleh ciri-ciri lain.

Rujukan

Penutur berunding dengan menggunakan ungkapan yang sesuai dan menggabungkan dengan ungkapan berbentuk rundingan. Rujukan adalah sesuatu yang dilakukan oleh seseorang dengan menggunakan ungkapan.

Inferens

Inferens menunjukkan usaha untuk membuat kesimpulan. Selain itu, inferens menjelaskan ujaran atau hubungan antara ujaran. Pelbagai andaian telah dihasilkan dalam beberapa andaian dan kesimpulan.

BROWN & YULE THEORY OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (1983)    

Brown & Yule (1983) has listed four discourse elements. The element covers the pre-assumptions, implicatic, reference and inference elements. Brown and Yule (1983) also stated that discourse can be analyzed through text, writing, speech and interaction studies.

Pre-assumptions

Pre-assumptions are pragmatic. These pre-assumptions have been chosen based on the assumption and assumptions that may be received by unresistance listeners.

Implicature

Implicature is a view or potential. The recommendation or meaning of the speaker/author is different from what they said. Implicature form is conventional implications. The speaker/author does not tell you that certain images are due to other features.

Reference

Speakers consult by using the appropriate expression and combines with the form of negotiations shaped. References are something done by someone by using expressions.

Inference

Inferences denote effort to draw conclusions. In addition, inference describes words or relationships between words. Various assumptions have been made in several assumptions and conclusions.

     Teori Stubbs (1983) memfokuskan kepada linguistic wacana.

1.      Pendekatan

2.      Kebolehramalan

3.      Fonotaktik

4.      Tatabahasa

5.      Intuisi tentang urutan wacana

6.      Kebolehramalan

7.      Kebolehramalan dan idealisasi

8.      Kawalan struktur bermaksud

9.      Wacana Canonical dan idealisasi

10.   Analogi

11.   Kesimpulan

Stubbs's theory (1983) focuses on linguistic discourse.

1. Approach

2. Predictability

3. Phonotactic

4. Grammar

5. Intuitiveness of discourse order

6. Predictability

7. Predictability and idealization

8. Structural control

9. Canonical discourse and idealization

10. Analogy

11. Conclusion

TEORI ANALISIS WACANA KRITIS (VANDIJK, 1977)

Struktur Makro Makna global daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati daripada topik/tema suatu teks

Superstruktur Kerangka suatu teks seperti bahagian pendahuluan, isi, penutup dan kesimpulan

Struktur Mikro Makna lokal daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati daripada pilihan kata, kalimat dan gaya yang dipakai oleh suatu teks

Rajah 1: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh vandijk(1977)

VANDIJIK THEORY OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (1977)

Macro Structure The global meaning of a text that is observable from the topic / theme of a text

Superstructure The framework of a text such as the introductory section, content, closing and conclusion

Micro Structure Local meanings of a text that can applied from the choice of words, sentences and styles used by a text

Figure 1: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by vandijk (1977)

Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis (Fairclough, 1995) Analisis Tekstual            Tatabahasa                      • Tema                   Leksikal • Metafora Kohesi • Pengulangan • Konjunsi Analisis Wacana Praktis Intertektualiti                      • Pra-andaian • Metawacana • Penafian Interdiskusi • Naratif • Perbahasan • Ekspositori • Luahan (expressive) Analisis Praktis Sosial Ekonomi Pendidikan Politik Rajah 2: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh Fairclough (1995) Fairclough Theory of Discourse Analysis (1995)
Textual Analysis           Grammar                     • Themes               Lexical • Metaphor Cohension • Repitition • Conjuctions	Practical Discource Analysis Intertectical                      • Pre-assumptions • Methods • Disclaimer Interdiscursive • Narative • Debates • Exposures • Expressions (expressive)	Social practice Analysis Economy Education Politic

                 Figure 2: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995)

Prinsip Tannen (1987)  terhadap kesopanan dalam wacana adalah seperti berikut:

1. Ekspresi formal (imej positif dan negatif)

2. Strategi kesopanan

3. Pilihan strategi (directness and indirectness)

4. Senyap (metamessage)

Tannen's (1987) principle of politeness in discourse is as follows

1. Formal expression (positive and negative images)

2. Politeness strategy

3. Choice of strategy (directness and indirectness)

4. Silence (metamessage)

STRATEGI KESOPANAN
Bald on-record Contoh: Bersedia! Dengar sini…. Berikan saya bakul besar itu. Lampu itu berwarna hijau. Jemput masuk. Jemput makan	Kesopanan Positif Contoh: Kamu nampak sugul. Boleh saya tolong? Boleh saya pinjam serratus ringgit? Saya ikut kamu ke hospital, jika kamu tidak keberatan.
Kesopanan Negatif Mungkin dia yang mengambil kotak itu, mungkin! Tolong berikan saya pinggan putih itu. Kalau begitu, sedikit arahan tidak diperlukan? Membuang botok kosong merata-rata tidak dibenarkan.	Off-record Wah, semakin sejuk dalam bilik ini. Mahal betul harga kasut di sini. Cantik baju kamu.

Rajah 3: Strategi Kesopanan oleh Brown & Levinson (1987)

Civility Strategy
Bald on-record Example: Willing! Listen Here…. Give me that big basket. The lamp is green. Allow go in Allow to eat	Positive Politeness Example You look bitter. May I help you? Can I borrow one hundred Ringgit? I go with you to the hospital, if you don't mind.
Negative courtesy Maybe he took the box, maybe! Please give me the white dish. If so, a little direction is not needed? Throwing empty botok evenly is not justifiedKesopanan Negatif	Off-record Wow, it's getting cooler in this room. Expensive price of shoes here. Your clothes are pretty.

Figure 3 A courtesy strategy by Brown Levinson (1987)

            Johnstone (2002) pula mengatakan bahawa pendekatan wacana dibahagikan kepada beberapa bahagian.

1. Perkataan dan baris

2. Perenggan dan episod

3. Wacana skemata dan struktur naratif

4. Susunan perbualan

5. Organisasi ayat

6. Kohesi

7. Struktur dan peraturan

Johnstone (2002) also said that the discourse approach was shared among several parts.

1. Words and lines

2. Paragraph and episodes

3. Schematic discourse and narrative structure

4. Arrangement of conversations

5. Organization of verses

6. Cohesion

7. Structure and regulations

Pendekatan Analisis Wacana (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PRA-ANDAIAN 1. Intuisi 2. Konteks • Penerimaan/   penafian • Keperluan • Perujukan • Anafora • Pengulangan • Kekaburan • Penegasan	EMOSI 1. Positif 2. Negatif 3. Emosi     Bercampur • Perangai • Personaliti • Mood • Motivasi	NILAI DAN BUDAYA 1. Diri 2. Masyarakat 3. Adat • Jujur, ikhlas,    Baik hati, kasih    Sayang, kerajinan,    Kesyukuran,    kesederhanaan • Berdikari, hemah   Tinggi, keberanian,   Kebersihan fizikal   Dan mental,   kesantunan • Hormat menghormati,   Kerjasama, semangat,   bermasyarakat • Keadilan, kebebasan,    rasional	BAHASA 1. Bahasa     pertama/     kedua/     ketiga 2. Formal/     tidak     formal 3. Kesalahan     bahasa 4. Linguistik	INFERENS 1. Rumusan     keseluruhan 2. Rumusan     topik     perbincangan 3. Penutup Kata

Rajah 4: Pendekatan Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim, (2018b)

Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PRE-ASSUMPTION 1. Intuition 2. Context • Acceptance / Disclaimer • Requirements • Reconciliation • Anaphora • Repetition • Blurring • Affirmation	EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Mixed Emotions •Characteristic • Personality • Mood • Motivation	VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Customs • Honest, Sincere, Truthful, Kind, Loving, Diligent, Gratitude, Simplicity • Independent, Respect, Courage, Physical and mental hygiene • Respect, co-operation,  community’s spirit • Justice, freedom, rationality	LANGUAGE 1. First / second / third language 2. Formal / informal 3. Language errors 4.Linguistics	INFERENCES 1. Overall conclusion 2. Discussion conclusion of topic 3. Closing word

Figure 4: Normaliza Abd Rahim's Discourse Analysis Approach, (2018b)

            Terdapat tiga elemen dalam teori analisis wacana iaitu kandungan, konteks dan andaian (Rajah 5).

Teori Analisis Wacana (Noramaliza Abd Rahim, 2018)
Kandungan 1.Tema	Konteks 1. Tatabahasa 2. Latar 3. Emosi	Andaian 1. Pendapat 2. Perujukan 3. Persoalan

Rajah 5: Teori Analisis Wacana

There are three elements in the theory of discourse analysis which are content, context and assumption (Fig. 5).

Discourse Analysis Theory  (Noramaliza Abd Rahim, 2018)
Content 1.Themes	Context 1. Grammar 2. Background 3. Emotions	Andaian 1. Opinion 2. Referrals 3. Problems

Rajah 5: Discourse Analysis Theory